Articles
The article examines the criteria for the selection of cryogenic materials. It reviews a wide range of cryogenic steels developed in Russia (USSR) and abroad. The review is based on the classification of the steels under consideration by alloying systems. Features of steels of various alloying systems are considered, their mechanical properties are found and compared. Chromium-Nickel steels are the main structural materials for many areas of cryogenic engineering. The greatest advantage of this group of steels is the ability to maintain high toughness after years of operation at low temperatures. Nickel-alloyed chrome-Nickel-manganese steels are recommended for use in oxygen engineering, steels are well welded and have good manufacturability. Austenitic steels, in which Nickel is completely replaced by manganese, are used for operation at low temperatures. Chromium-manganese steels are recommended for use in cryo-genetic machine and instrument making at operating temperatures up to -196 °C. It is noted that the most important property of the structural material for cryogenic equipment is not its strength, but resistance to impact loads, viscosity. Various methods of heat treatment are considered, allowing to obtain the required properties.
The analysis of the influence of alloying elements, which have the most significant impact on the structure and properties of cryogenic steels. With an increase in the Nickel and manganese content in steels, the plasticity determined on smooth and notched samples, as well as the sensitivity to the concentration of stresses, continuously increases. Chrome slightly increases the tensile strength of steel. Increasing the carbon content even in small amounts to 0.05% dramatically reduces the toughness of steel at low temperatures.Tendencies of development of alloying and heat treatment of cryogenic plants are considered.
2. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
3. Gromov V.I., Voznesenskaya N.M., Pokrovskaya N.G., Tonysheva O.A. High-strength constructional and corrosion-resistant steels developed by VIAM for aviation engineering. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 159–174. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-159-174.
4. Lukin V.I., Kovalchuk V.G., Ioda E.N. Fusion welding is a core of welding manufacturing. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 130–143. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-130-143.
5. Lebedev D.V. Structural strength of cryogenic steels. M.: Metallurgiya, 1976.264 p.
6. Ulyanin EA Corrosion Resistant Steels and Alloys: a guide. 2nd ed., rev. and add. M.: Metallurgiya, 1991.256 p.
7. Ulyanin EA, Ovsyannikov B.M. About alloying austenitic steels for service in the conditions of deep cold.Metallovedeniye i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov, 1970, no. 6, pp. 20–23.
8. Bolshakov A.M., Andreev Y.M. Fracture analysis of metal structures functioned in the north conditions. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. S1, pp. 27–31. DOI: 10.18577 / 2071-9140-2015-0-S1-27-31.
9. Maltseva L.A., Zadvorkin S.M., Vakhonina K.D., Levina A.V., Sharapova V.A., Maltseva T.V. Promising austenitic steel for cryogenic engineering. International Research Journal, 2016, no. 5-3 (47), pp. 138–143. DOI: 10.18454/IRJ.2016.47.124.
10. Luo Q., Wang H.H., Li G.Q. et al. On mechanical properties of novel high-Mn cryogenic steel in terms of SFE and microstructural evolution. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 2019, vol. 753. no. 10, pp. 91–98.
11. Tonysheva O.A., Voznesenskaya N.M., Shestakov I.I., Eliseyev E.A. Influence of modes of high-temperature thermomechanical processing on structure and properties of high-strength corrosion-resistant steel of austenitic-martensitic class 17Х13Н4К6САМ3ч. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. 1 (46), pp. 11–16. DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2017-0-1-11-16.
12. Kablov E.N., Startsev O.V. The basic and applied research in the field of corrosion and ageing of materials in natural environments (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 4 (37), pp. 38–52. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-4-38-52.
13. Morris J.W., Mridha S. Cryogenic Steels. Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001, pp. 1849–1851. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-803581-8.11227-5.
14. Kablov E.N., Startsev O.V., Medvedev I.M. Review of international experience on corrosion and corrosion protection. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 2 (35), pp. 76–87. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-2-76-87.
15. Wang X., Sun X., Song C. et al. Evolution of microstructures and mechanical properties during solution treatment of a Ti–V–Mo-containing high-manganese cryogenic steel. Materials Characterization, 2018, vol. 135, pp. 287–294.
16. Wang X., Sun X., Song C. et al. Enhancement of yield strength by chromium/nitrogen alloying in high-manganese cryogenic steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2017, vol. 698, pp. 110–116.
17. Potak Ya.M. High strength steels. M.: Metallurgiya, 1972. 208 p.
When developing promising products of domestic engine building, it is important to ensure high technical characteristics of products, the achievement of which is not possible without the use of new structural materials. Often, these materials are characterized by limited weldability by fusion welding methods. Therefore, it is promising to use friction welding to join them. This allows to not only join limited weldable materials, but also significantly reduce the complexity of manufacturing a welded assembly.
The article shows the selection of the optimal technological parameters of rotational friction welding of the heat-resistant nickel alloy VZh159 in heterogeneous and homogeneous combinations.
To select the optimal welding mode, the influence of the thermodeformation cycle and hardening heat treatment was studied, microhardness was determined from the zones of welded joints, the microstructure was studied, the static bending angle, impact strength and short-term strength were determined.
The results of determining the static bending angle made it possible to establish that an increase in pressure values at the stages of heating and forging leads to an increase in strength characteristics.
Analysis of the results of mechanical tests showed that a homogeneous combination of the studied welded joint is characterized by lower values of strength characteristics in comparison with a heterogeneous combination.
The study of the structure of welded joints showed that in the heat-affected zone, a thermodeformational change of the material, characteristic of rotational friction welding, is observed, which is expressed in the “twisting” of the material in the direction of its exit into the graticule.
Based on the results of tests and studies, w
2. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Bazyleva O.A. Materials for high-heat-loaded parts of gas turbine engines. Vestnik MGTU im. N.E. Bauman. Ser.: Mashinostroyeniye, 2011. no SP4, pp. 13–19.
3. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Lomberg B.S. Strategic directions of development of structural materials and technologies for their processing for aircraft engines of the present and future. Avtomaticheskaya svarka, 2013, no. 10, pp. 23–32.
4. Lomberg B.S., Ovsepjan S.V., Bakradze M.M., Letnikov M.N., Mazalov I.S. The application of new wrought nickel alloys for advanced gas turbine engines. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 116–129. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-116-129.
5. Razuvaev E.I., Moiseev N.V., Kapitanenko D.V., Bubnov M.V. Modern technologies of plastic working of metals. Trudy VIAM, 2015, no. 2, paper no. 03. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 15, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2015-0-2-3-3.
6. Belyaev M.S., Terentjev V.F., Gorbovets M.A., Bakradze M.M., Antonova O.S. [Low cycle fatigue of Ni-based superalloy VZh175 at preset strain. Trudy VIAM, 2015, no. 9, paper no. 01. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 15, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2015-0-9-1-1.
7. Kablov E.N., Lukin V.I., Ospennikova O.G. Welding and soldering in the aerospace industry. Tr. Vseros. nauch.-praktich. konf. «Svarka i bezopasnost». Yakutsk: IFTPPS SB RAS, 2012, pp. 21-30.
8. Eliseev Yu.S., Maslenkov S.B., Geykin V.A., Poklad V.A. The technology of creating permanent connections in the production of gas turbine engines. M.: Nauka i tekhnologii, 2001. 554 p.
9. Sorokin L.I. The formation of hot cracks during welding of heat-resistant nickel alloys. Svarochnoye proizvodstvo, 2005, no. 7, pp. 29–33.
10. Sorokin L.I. Weldability of heat-resistant nickel alloys (review). Part 2. Svarochnoye proizvodstvo, 2004, no. 9, pp. 3–7.
11. Kablov E.N., Lomberg B.S., Ospennikova O.G. Creation of modern heat-resistant materials and technologies for their production for aircraft engine manufacturing. Krylya Rodiny, 2012, no. 3-4, pp. 34–38.
12. Lomberg B.S., Ovsepyan S.V., Bakradze M.M., Mazalov I.S. High-temperature heat resisting nickel alloys for details of gas turbine engines. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2012, no. S, pp. 52–57.
13. Ville V.I. Solid phase metal welding. M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1970. 176 p.
14. Friction welding: a guide. L.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1987. 235 p.
15. Lukin V.I., Kovalchuk V.G., Samorukov M.L., Gridnev Yu.M., Zhegina I.P., Kotelnikova L.V. Features of friction welding technology of joints from VKNA-25 and EP975 alloys. Svarochnoye proizvodstvo, 2010, no. 5, pp. 28–33.
16. Lomberg B.S., Bakradze M.M., Chabina E.B., Filonova E.V. Interrelation of structure and properties of high-heat resisting nickel alloys for disks of gas turbine engines. Aviacionnye materialy i tekhnologii, 2011, no. 2, pp. 25–30.
17. Stepanov A.V. Methods of x-ray non-destructive testing in production of aircraft engines. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2010, no. 3, pp. 28–32.
18. Zhegina I.P., Kotelnikova L.V., Grigorenko V.B., Zimina Z.N. Features of destruction of deformable nickel alloys and steel. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2012, no. S, pp. 455–465.
The review touches upon modern problems of optical recording of information on magnetic media. The modern devices for recording digital information on magneto-optical disks are described in detail, starting from the choice of material for these disks and ending with the problems of resolution restrictions associated with the fact that the recording area cannot be much smaller than the wavelength of laser light, i.e. 1 micron. The restrictions on minimizing the size of a recorded bit of information are partially overcome by the use of the near field technique, which is described in the review. The need to fulfill several requirements at once for magnetic information storage devices is described as a trilemma in the technology of this process. At the same time, it is necessary to reduce the volume of magnetizable elements (grains) on the magnetic information carrier, which entails a decrease in the potential barrier and stability of the device (data storage time). An attempt to compensate for this drawback by increasing the magnetic anisotropy of the selected material leads to the fact that magnetization reversal requires a large magnetic field, necessary for switching and an increase in energy consumption for its generation. It has been shown that the potential for improving optical recording materials by local optical heating of magnetic films with a laser is far from exhausted, and this technology can be significantly improved within the same physical principles that are used today for local heating of a film and reduction of magnetic anisotropy and the corresponding external magnetic field switching magnetization. Ways to improve the technology of optical recording of magnetic information lie through shortening the duration of laser pulses, which, however, modify the material, create residual changes and structural defects in it, which does not allow counting on a large number of information recording cycles. The first part of the r
2. Williams H.J., Sherwood R.C., Foster F.G., Kelley E.M. Magnetic Writing on Thin Films of MnBi. Journal of Applied Physics, 1957, vol. 28 (10), pp. 1181–1184. DOI: 10.1063/1.1722603.
3. Huth B.G. Calculations of Stable Domain Radii Produced by Thermomagnetic Writing. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1974, vol. 18 (2), pp. 100–109. DOI: 10.1147/rd.182.0100.
4. Mansuripur M. The Physical Principles of Magneto-optical Recording. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 776 p. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511622472.
5. Beaurepaire E., Merle J.-C., Daunois A., Bigot J.-Y. Ultrafast Spin Dynamics in Ferromagnetic Nickel. Physical Review Letters, 1996, vol. 76 (22), pp. 4250–4253. DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.4250.
6. Egashira K., Yamada T. Kerr-effect enhancement and improvement of readout characteristics in MnBi film memory. Journal of Applied Physics, 1974, vol. 45 (8), pp. 3643–3648. DOI: 10.1063/1.1663831.
7. Mansfield S.M., Kino G.S. Solid immersion microscope. Applied Physics Letters, 1990, vol. 57 (24), pp. 2615–2616. DOI: 10.1063/1.103828.
8. Mansfield S.M., Studenmund W.R., Kino G.S., Osato K. High-numerical-aperture lens system for optical storage. Optics Letters, 1993, vol. 18 (4), pp. 305. DOI: 10.1364/ol.18.000305.
9. Terris B.D., Mamin H.J., Rugar D., Studenmund W.R., Kino G.S. Near-field optical data storage using a solid immersion lens. Applied Physics Letters, 1994, vol. 65 (4), pp. 388–390. DOI: 10.1063/1.112341.
10. Katayama H., Sawamura S., Ogimoto Y. et al. New Magnetic Recording Method Using Laser Assisted Read/Write Technologies. Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan. 1999, vol. 23 (S_1_MORIS_99), pp. S1_233–236. DOI: 10.3379/jmsjmag.23.s1_233.
11. Nemoto H., Saga H., Sukeda H., Takahashi M. High Density Thermomagnetic Recording on Flux Detectable RE-TM Media. Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan. 1999. Vol. 23 (S_1_MORIS_99), pp. 229–232. DOI: 10.3379/jmsjmag.23.s1_229.
12. Saga H., Nemoto H., Sukeda H., Takahashi M. A New Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Method with a Magnetic-Optical Common Preformat. Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan, 1999, vol. 23, pp. 225. DOI: 10.3379/jmsjmag.23.S1_225.
13. Chaudhari P., Cuomo J.J., Gambino R.J. Amorphous metallic films for magneto‐optic applications. Applied Physics Letters, 1973, vol. 22, pp. 337. DOI: 10.1063/1.1654662.
14. Brown B.R. Optical Data Storage Potential of Six Materials. Applied Optics, 1974, vol. 13 (4). P. 761. DOI: 10.1364/ao.13.000761.
15. Hasegawa R., Argyle B.E., Tao L.-J. Temperature dependence of magnetization in amorphous Gd–Co–Mo films. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1975, vol. 24, pp. 110. DOI: 10.1063/1.30006.
16. Hiroyoshi H., Fukamichi K. Ferromagnetic-spin glass transition in Fe–Zr amorphous alloy system. Journal of Applied Physics, 1982, vol. 53 (3), pp. 2226–2228. DOI: 10.1063/1.330779.
17. Ryan D.H., Coey J.M.D., Batalla E. et al. Magnetic properties of iron-rich Fe–Zr glasses. Physical Review B. 1987, vol. 35 (16), pp. 8630–8638. DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.35.8630.
18. Takahashi M., Niihara T., Ohta N. Study on recorded domain characteristics of magneto-optical TbFeCo disks. Journal of Applied Physics, 1988, vol. 64 (1), pp. 262–269. DOI: 10.1063/1.341419.
19. Oechsner H. Energieverteilungen bei der Festkörperzerstäubung durch Ionenbeschuß. Zeitschrift För Physik, 1970, vol. 238 (5), pp. 433–451. DOI: 10.1007/bf01409427.
20. Suzuki Y., Takayama S., Kirino F., Ohta N. Single ion model for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in RE–TM amorphous films. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1987, vol. 23 (5), pp. 2275–2277. DOI: 10.1109/tmag.1987.1065290.
21. Rhyne J.J. Bulk Magnetic Properties. Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Metals, 1972, vol. 4. P. 129–182. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-5691-3_4.
22. Yu X.Y., Tsunashima S., Ban Y. et al. Simulation of thermomagnetic recording in rare earth-transition magnetic film using very small laser spot. Magnetics Society of Japan, 1998, vol. 22. P. 129–132. DOI: 10.3379/jmsjmag.22.S2_129.
23. Carcia P.F., Meinhaldt A.D., Suna A. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Pd/Co thin film layered structures. Applied Physics Letters, 1985, vol. 47 (2), pp. 178–180. DOI: 10.1063/1.96254.
24. Zeper W.B., van Kesteren H.W., Jacobs B.A.J. et al. Hysteresis, microstructure, and magneto-optical recording in Co/Pt and Co/Pd multilayers. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991, vol. 70 (4), pp. 2264–2271. DOI: 10.1063/1.349419.
25. Fujiwara Y., Masaki T., Yu X. et al. Structural and Magnetic Anisotropy of Tb/Fe Multilayers. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1997, vol. 36. Part 1. No. 8, pp. 5097–5102. DOI: 10.1143/jjap.36.5097.
26. Kablov E.N., Piskorsky V.P., Burkhanov G.S., Valeev R.A., Moiseeva N.S., Stepanova S.V., Petrakov A.F., Tereshina I.S., Repina M.V. Thermostable ring magnets with a radial texture based on Nd (Pr)–Dy–Fe–Co–B. Physics and chemistry of materials processing, 2011, vol. 3, pp. 43–47. Available at: viam.ru/public/files/2011/2011-205746.pdf (accessed: September 18, 2019).
27. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Rezchikova I.I., Piskorskij V.P., Valeev R.A., Korolev D.V. Properties dependence of the Nd–Dy–Fe–Co–B sintered materials on technological parameters. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. S2 (39), pp. 24–29. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-S2-24-29.
28. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Korolev D.V., Piskorskij V.P., Valeev R.A., Rezchikova I.I. Influence mechanisms of boron content and heat treatment on the properties of Nd–Fe–Al–Ti–B magnets. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. S2 (39), pp. 30–34. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-S2-30-34.
29. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
30. Piskorsky V.P., Valeev R.A., Korolev D.V., Morgunov R.B., Rezchikova I.I. Terbium and gadolinium dopin g influence on thermal stability and magnetic properties of sintered magnets Pr–Tb–Gd–Fe–Co–B. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 7 (79), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 18, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-7-59-66.
One of the important properties of benzoxazines as a class of polymers is their high chemical compatibility with various resins. In the present work compositions based on benzoxazine monomer and epoxy resins of various structures were obtained. Their rheological characteristics in special dynamic viscosity at different temperatures and profiles in dynamic mode were determinated. Water absorption and glass transition temperature of polymer matrix samples were investigated. Conclusions about modification of benzoxazine monomers with epoxy resins have been made.
2. Raskutin A.E. Russian polymer composite materials of new generation, their exploitation and implementation in advanced developed constructions. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 349–367. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-349-367.
3. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
4. Kondrashov S.V., Shashkeev K.A., Petrova G.N., Mekalina I.V. Constructional polymer composites with functional properties. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 405–419. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-405-419.
5. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Systematical analysis of the climatics influence on mechanical properties of the polymer composite materials based on domestic and foreign sources (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 2 (51), pp. 47–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-2-47-58.
6. Anastas P., Eghbali N. Green chemistry: principles and practice. Chemical Society Reviews, 2010, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 301-312.
7. Kablov E.N., Chursova L.V., Babin A.N., Mukhametov R.R., Panina N.N. Developments of FSUE VIAM in the field of melt binders for polymer composite materials. Polimernye materialy i tekhnologii, 2016, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 37–42.
8. Advanced and emerging polybenzoxazine science and technology / H. Ishida, P. Froimowicz. Elsevier, 2017, pp. 9–21.
9. Ghosh N.N., Kiskan B., Yagci Y. Polybenzoxazines – new high performance thermosetting resins: synthesis and properties. Progress in Polymer Science, 2007, vol. 32, pp. 1344–1391.
10. Dunkers J., Zarate E.A., Ishida H. Crystal structure and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of N, N-bis (3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl) methylamine, a benzoxazine dimer. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1996, vol. 100, pp. 13514–13520.
11. Kim H. D., Ishida H. Model compounds study on the network structure of polybenzoxazines. Macromolecules, 2003, vol. 36, pp. 8320–8329.
12. Khmelnitsky V.V., Shimkin A.A. Polymeric benzoxazines – a new type of high temperature polymer resins (review). Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 2 (74), paper no. 05. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: December 05, 2019). DOI: 10.18577 / 2307-6046-2019-0-2-43-57.
13. Rimdusit S., Hemvichian K., Kasemsiri P., Dueramae I. Shape memory polymers from benzoxazine-modified epoxy. Smart Materials Structures, 2013, vol. 22, pp. 12. DOI: 10.1088/0964-1726/22/7/075033.
14. Handbook of thermoset plastics / H. Dodiuk, S.H. Goodman. William Andrew, 2013, pp. 253–295.
15. Takeichi T., Guo Y., Rimdusit S. Performance improvement of polybenzoxazine by alloying with polyimide: effect of preparation method on the properties. Polymer, 2005, vol. 46, pp. 4909–4916.
16. Rimdusit S. et al. Toughening of polybenzoxazine by alloying with urethane prepolymer and flexible epoxy: a comparative study. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2005, vol. 45, pp. 288–296.
17. Kumar K.S.S., Nair C.P. R., Ninan K.N. Investigations on the cure chemistry and polymer properties of benzoxazine – cyanate ester blends. European Polymer Journal, 2009, vol. 45, pp. 494–502.
18. Ishida H. Process for preparation of benzoxazine compounds in solventless systems: pat. US5543516; filed 18.05.1994; publ. 06.08.1996.
19. Rimdusit S., Bangsen W., Kasemsiri P. Chemorheology and thermomechanical characteristics of benzoxazine urethane copolymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011, vol. 121, pp. 3669–3678.
20. Abdelkader A.F., White J.R. Water absorption in epoxy resins: The effects of the crosslinking agent and curing temperature. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2005, vol. 98, pp. 2544–2549.
21. Rimdusit S., Kunopast P., Dueramae I. Thermomechanical properties of arylamine-based benzoxazine resins alloyed with epoxy resin. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2011, vol. 51, pp. 1797–1807.
The study of thermosetting matrices in order to develop a technology for the production of polymer composite materials (PCM) taking into account the final structures is an important and urgent task.
Most thermosetting binders, due to specific properties such as reduced heat transfer characteristics (heat capacity, heat conductivity), as well as high heat dissipation, require careful study of both the heat transfer processes and the kinetics of curing. The curing kinetics is a key characteristic of the thermosetting binder, which determines the conditions of their processing and their storage.
One of the quite convenient ways to visually represent the kinetics of curing is the construction of isothermal transformation diagrams (Time–Temperature–Transformation diagram or TTT-diagram), which can be determined as the beginning of the most important structural transformations (gelation, vitrification), requiring consideration during processing, and the conditions of isothermal storage.
These diagrams indicate the beginning of a certain event in the holding process at a certain temperature, which can be chosen as the degree of pre-rotation at which the thermosetting matrix is delaminated.
In this regard, the construction of Time–Temperature–Transformation diagram with isoconversion curves of potential delamination applied to it is an important and urgent task, in particular for predicting the storage time of filled adhesives under various isothermal conditions.
The paper deals with the construction of a TTT-diagram using kinematic calculations and refinement of the data obtained by various methods of thermal analysis, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA).
2. Muhametov R.R., Dolgova E.V., Merkulova Yu.I., Dushin M.I. Development of heat-resistant bismaleimide binder for composites for aeronautical application. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2014, No. 4, pp. 53–57. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2014-0-4-53-57.
3. Starostina I.V., Petrova A.P., Shevchenko Yu.N., Shishimirov M.V. Control thermoplastic binding for PCM (review). Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 4 (76), paper no. 11. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: November 11, 2019). DOI: 10.18577 / 2307-6046-2019-0-4-99-107.
4. Haskov M.A. The use of thermal analysis methods for constructing temperature – time – transformation diagrams of thermosetting polymers. Vysokomolekulyarnyye soyedineniya. Ser.: B, 2017, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 37–48.
5. Aleksashin V.M., Antyufeeva N.V., Bolshakov V.A. An experimental study of the relationship between calorimetric and rheological conversion during curing of an epoxy binder in adhesive rheology. Plasticheskiye massy, 2018, no. 9–10, pp. 29–32.
6. Wendlandndt W. Thermal methods of analysis. Moscow: Mir, 1978. 527 p.
7. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
8. Kablov E.N. New Generation Materials. Zashchita i bezopasnost, 2014, no. 4, pp. 28–29.
9. Grashhenkov D.V., Chursova L.V. Strategy of development of composite and functional materials. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2012, no. S, pp. 231–242.
10. Enns J.B., Gillham J.K. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) cure diagram: Modeling the cure behavior of thermosets. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1983, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 2567–2591.
11. Flammersheim H.-J., Opfermann J.R. Investigation of Epoxide Curing Reactions by Differential Scanning Calorimetry – Formal Kinetic Evaluation. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2001, vol. 286, no. 3, pp. 143–150.
12. Williams M., Landel R.F., Ferry J.D. The Temperature Dependence of Relaxation Mechanisms in Amorphous Polymers and Other Glass-forming Liquids. Journal of American Chemical Society, 1955, vol. 77, no. 14, pp. 3701–3707.
13. Menczel J.D., Prime R.B. Thermal analysis of polymers: fundamentals and applications. Hoboke: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.68 p.
14. Pascault J.P., Sautereau H., Verdu J. et al. Thermosetting polymers. New-York: Marcel Dekker AG, 2002. 447 p.
15. Shatalova T.B., Shlyakhin O.A., Veryaeva E.V. Methods of thermal analysis: textbook.-method. allowance. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2011. 72 p.
16. Zheleznyak V.G., Chursova L.V. Modification of binders and matrixes based on them to increase fracture toughness. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2014, no. 1, pp. 47–50. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2014-0-1-47-50.
In the present study, metal matrix composite (MMC) material based on the aluminum alloy AD31 containing 20 vol. % silicon carbide was obtained by powder technology using mechanical alloying followed by hot pressing. Studies of the formation of the composite granules structure during the mechanical alloying process have been carried out. Samples of a monolithic composite material were produced for measuring density and carrying out strength tests. Tests of produced samples were carried out and the values of the MMC density and strength characteristics at room temperature were determined.
2. Kablov E.N. Materials of a new generation – the basis of innovation, technological leadership and national security of Russia. Intellekt i tekhnologii. 2016, no. 2 (14), pp. 16–21.
3. Grashchenkov D.V. Strategy of development of non-metallic materials, metal composite materials and heat-shielding. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 264–271. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-264-271.
4. Kablov E.N., Grashchenkov D.V., Shchetanov B.V., Shavnev A.A., Nyafkin A.N. et al. Al – SiC-based metal composite materials for power electronics. Mekhanika kompozitsionnykh materialov i konstruktsiy. 2012. vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 359–368.
5. Nischev K.N., Eliseev V.V., Emikh L.A., Novopoltsev M.I., Fomin N.E., Yudin V.A., Afanasyev-Khodykin A.N. The use of Al – SiC metal matrix composite material for heat sink bases of power electronics devices. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2012, no. 1, pp. 9–13.
6. Krasnov E.I., Shteinberg A.S., Shavnev A.A., Serpova V.M., Zabin A.N. Research of layered metal composite material of Ti–TiAl3 system. Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 7, paper no. 03. Available at: http://http www.viam-works.ru (accessed date: September 17, 2019). DOI: 10.18577 / 2307-6046-2016-0-7-3-3.
7. Duyunova V.A., Volkova E.F., Uridiya Z.P., Trapeznikov A.V. Dynamics of the development of magnesium and cast aluminum alloys. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 225–241. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-225-241.
8. Goncharenko E.S., Trapeznikov A.V., Ogorodov D.V. Aluminium casting alloys Trudy VIAM, 2014, no. 4, paper no. 02. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: September 17, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2014-0-4-2-2.
9. Sankar R., Singh P. Synthesis of 7075 Al/SiC particulate composite powders by mechanical alloying. Materials Letters, 1998, vol. 36, no. 1–4, pp. 201–205.
10. Lu L., Lai M.O., Ng C.W. Enhanced mechanical properties of an Al based metal matrix composite prepared using mechanical alloying. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 1998, vol. 252, no. 2, pp. 203–211.
11. Venkatesh K.C., Basavaraj Y., Venkataramana V., Manjunatha T.H. Comparative Investigations on Al7075 MMC reinforced with wt. %6 Al2O3 and B4C. Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, vol. 376, pp. 1–7. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/376/1/012095.
12. Chen W., Liu Y., Yang C., Zhu D., Li Y. (SiCp+Ti)/7075 Al hybrid composites with high strength and large plasticity fabricated by squeeze casting. Materials Science and Engineering A, 2014, vol. 609, pp. 250–254.
13. Deaquino-Lara R., Gutierrez-Castaneda E., Estrada-Guel I. et al. Structural characterization of aluminium alloy 7075-graphite composites fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot extrusion. Materials and Design, 2014, vol. 53, pp. 1104–1111.
14. Qiang S., Chuandong W., Guoqiang L. et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7075/B4C composites fabricated by plasma activated sintering. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2014, vol. 588, pp. 265–270.
15. Beletsky V.M., Krivov G.A. Aluminum alloys (composition, properties, technology, application): reference book. Kiev: Komintech, 2005. P.75–83.
16. Uderbaeva A.E. Aluminum alloy AD31 as a structural material for the production of profiles. Science and new technologies, 2011, no. 3, pp. 41–42.
17. Kosolapov D.V., Shavnev A.A., Nyafkin A.N., Grishina O.I. Research of forming of structure of composition granules of Al–SiC. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2016, no. 3 (42), pp. 49–52. DOI: 10.18577 / 2071-9140-2016-0-3-49-52.
18. Stoyakina E.A., Kurbatkina E.I., Simonov V.N., Kosolapov D.V., Gololobov A.V. Mechanical properties of aluminium-matrix composite materials reinforсed with SiC particles, depending on the matrix alloy (review) . Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 2, paper no. 08. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 02, 2019). DOI: 10.18577 / 2307-6046-2018-0-2-8-8.
19. Campbell G.T., Raman R., Fields R. Optimum press and sinter processing for aluminum/SiC composites. Powder Metallurgy Aluminum and Light Alloys for Automotive Applications, Metal Powder Industries Federation. Princeton, 1998, pp. 43–50.
20. Veeresh Kumar G.B., Rao C.S.P., Selvaraj N., Bhagyashekar M.S. Studies on Al6061-SiC and Al7075-Al2O3 Metal Matrix Composites. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, 2010, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 43–55.
21. Prasad Reddy A., Vamsi Krishna P., Narasimha Rao R., Murthy N.V. Silicon Carbide Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Nano Composites-A Review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2017, vol. 4 (2), pp. 3959–3971. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.296.
22. Zhang X., Chen T., Qin H., Wang C. A Comparative Study on Permanent Mold Cast and Powder Thixoforming 6061 Aluminum Alloy and SiСp/6061Al Composite: Microstructures and Mechanical Properties. Materials, 2016, vol. 9, p. 407. DOI: 10.3390/ma9060407.
23. Kvasov F.I., Fridlyander I.N. Industrial wrought, sintered and cast aluminum alloys. Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1972. 72 p.
The results of a study of the possibility of creating binders and CFRPs based on benzoxazine oligomers are presented. Benzoxazines based on 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane with a different ratio of mono- and diamine in the system were synthesized as binders in the manufacture of CFRPs. Equal-strength carbon fabric of VTkU-2.200 grade manufactured by FSUE «VIAM» was used as a reinforcing filler in the manufacture of experimental prepregs (solution technology) and CFRPs based on them (pressing method).
The viscosity of oligomeric benzoxazines, the curing process of the binder in the prepreg, the physical and mechanical properties of carbon plastics: binder content, glass transition temperature, density, water absorption, strength and modulus of elasticity under static bending, compressive strength were studied, the influence of heat and moisture effects on the properties of carbon plastics was studied.
It is shown that with the introduction and subsequent increase in the diamine content from 30 to 70%, the glass transition temperature of carbon fiber rises by 46% – from 151 to 220°C, which increases the heat resistance of the material. Preservation of strength at elevated test temperatures for carbon plastics with a diamine content of 30-70% in the composition is 80-94%, without diamine – 66%.
The studied CFRPs have low water absorption (not more than 1,07% for 3 months) and moisture saturation (0,63–0,66% after 2 months of exposure in a climatic chamber), the preservation of properties after moisture saturation is 77–93% at room temperature and 66–88% – at elevated test temperatures.
After 4 months of storage, prepregs based on compositions with a diamine content of 30 and 50% retain the ability to process, and carbon fiber based on the
2. Kablov E.N. What to make the future of? Materials of a new generation, technologies for their creation and processing - the basis of innovation. Krylya Rodiny, 2016, no. 5, pp. 8–18.
3. Kablov E.N., Startsev O.V., Krotov A.S., Kirillov V.N. Climatic aging of composite materials for aviation purposes. III. Significant factors of aging. Deformatsiya i razrusheniye materialov, 2011, no. 1, pp. 34–40.
4. Kablov E.N., Chursova L.V., Babin A.N., Mukhametov R.R., Panina N.N. Developments of FSUE VIAM in the field of melt binders for polymer composite materials. Polimernyye materialy i tekhnologii, 2016, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 37–42.
5. Grashchenkov D.V. Strategy of development of non-metallic materials, metal composite materials and heat-shielding. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, No. S, pp. 264–271. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-264-271.
6. Raskutin A.E. Development strategy of polymer composite materials. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 344–348. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-344-348.
7. Khmelnitsky V.V., Shimkin A.A. Polymeric benzoxazines – a new type of high temperature polymer resins (review). Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 2 (74), paper no. 05. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: October 20, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-2-43-57.
8. Ghosh N., Kiskan B., Yagci Y. Polybenzoxazines – new high performance thermosetting resins: synthesis and properties. Progress in Polymer Science, 2007, vol. 32, pp. 1344–1391.
9. Yagci Y., Kiskan B., Gosh N. Recent advancement on polybenzoxazines – A newly developed high performance thermoset. Journal Polymer Science. Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 2009, vol. 47, pp. 5565–5576.
10. Kiskan B., Ghosh N., Yagci Y. Polybenzoxazine-based composites as high-performance materials. Polymer International, 2011, vol. 60, pp. 167–177.
11. Ishida H., Froimowicz P. Advanced and Emerging Polybenzoxazine Science and Technology. Netherlands: Elsevier, 2017. 1126 p.
12. Melnikov D.A., Khaskov M.A., Guseva M.A., Antyufeeva N.V. To the question of the development of pressing mode for laminated PCMs based on prepregs. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 2, paper no. 09. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-2-9-9.
13. Antyufeeva N.V., Aleksashin V.M. The use of thermal analysis methods to determine the indicators of technological and operational properties of materials. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2017. No1. S. 55–64.
14. Aleksashin V.M., Zelenina I.V., Khmelnitsky V.V., Shimkin A.A. Thermoanalytical study of the influence of a carbon filler on the reactivity of oligomers with benzoxazine rings in the main chain. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2020, no. 3 (publishing).
15. Kablov E.N., Startsev V.O. Systematical analysis of the climatics influence on mechanical properties of the polymer composite materials based on domestic and foreign sources (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 2 (51), pp. 47–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-2-47-58.
16. Valevin E.O., Shvedkova A.K., Bukharov S.V. The role of heat and humidity tests in the development of new polymer composite materials. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika materialov, 2016, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 28–32.
7. Nikolaev E.V., Kirillov V.N., Skirta A.A., Grashhenkov D.V. Study of moisture transport rules and development of a standard on measurement of the diffusion coefficient and moisture content limit to evaluate mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2013, no. 3, pp. 44–48.
18. Valevin E.O., Bukharov S.V., Kirillov V.N., Melekhina M.I., Marakhovsky P.S. The study of moisture resistance of structural fiberglass in laboratory heat and humidity tests. Plasticheskiye massy, 2014, no. 1–2, pp. 26-30.
19. Rimdusit S., Leingvachiranon C., Tiptipakorn S., Jubsilp C. Thermomechanical characteristics of benzoxazine-urethane copolymers and their carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009, vol. 113, pp. 3823–3830.
The process of improving the materials of sliding bearings (PS) of internal combustion engines (ICE) of automobiles depending on the requirements: from cast "babbit", multilayer, composite bearings to promising ceramic, is considered. PS in the internal combustion engine is one of the most important parts of the engine, the requirements for the functional properties of which continue to grow, as well as for the material itself. The durability of a sliding bearing is achieved when its materials combine strength (load capacity, wear resistance, cavitation resistance) with softness (mating, running-in ability, ability to absorb abrasive particles, damping vibrations).
Since transport is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, for cars today the level of CO2 emissions is strictly standardized. The requirements for materials of sliding bearings that determine the development of materials science in the field of ICE anti-friction materials are presented.
The main world and domestic manufacturers of bearings of internal combustion engines are presented. Various types of bearing structures and manufacturing techniques for their manufacture are shown. It has been established that technologies involving the use of multilayer composite materials (MKM) or bearings with a layered structure, the performance of which is determined by the integrity of their antifriction layer, are widely used.
Despite the fragility and high cost of manufacture, today the most promising bearings in the field of bearing production are ceramic bearings, which are not prone to setting during grinding due to their strictly oriented covalent bonds and relatively low concentration and mobility of defects in the crystal lattice.
It should be noted that the specific choice of the composition of the material is dete
2. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
3. GLYCO Engine Bearings: Catalogues // Federal-Mogul Motorparts. 2018. Available at: https://www.fmmotorparts.eu/support/pdf-catalogues.html?_ga=2.102842432.1741875717.1577256718-1992142891.1577256718 (accessed: October 08, 2019).
4. Support sliding. Suspension and steering. Auto components: business, technology, service: multifunctional portal Max Media Group Publishing House, 2005. Available at: https://a-kt.ru/articles/opory-skolzheniya (accessed: October 08, 2019).
5. Friction. Wear and Lubrication: handbook in 2 books / ed. I.V. Kragelsky, V.V. Alisin. Mocow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1978, book 1, 400 p.
6. Kopeliovich D. Engine Bearing materials, 2019. Available at: http://www.subtech.com/docuwiki/doku.php?id=engine_bearing_materials (accessed: September 04, 2019).
7. Kablov E.N. Materials of a new generation – the basis of innovation, technological leadership and national security of Russia. Intellekt i tekhnologii, 2016, no. 2 (14), pp. 16–21.
8. Kablov E.N. Without new materials – there is no future. Metallurg, 2013, no. 12, pp. 4–8.
9. Climate and energy. Reducing emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. WWF, 2019.Available at: https://wwf.ru/what-we-do/climate-and-energy/snizhenie-vybrosov-so2/ (accessed: October 08, 2019).
10. Reducing emissions and friction... ABS Auto, 2014. Available at: https://abs-magazine.ru/article/snijaya-vibrosi-i-trenie (accessed: October 08, 2019).
11. Multilayer composite material, manufacture and use: pat. 2354865 Rus. Federation; filed 05.08.04; publ. 10.05.09.
12. Sliding element: pat. 2521854 Rus. Federation; filed 28.12.09; publ. 07.10.14.
13. A method of manufacturing a composite material with a metal matrix: pat. 2536847 Rus. Federation; filed 27.10.10; publ. 27.12.14.
14. A multilayer material for bearings: 2247658 Rus. Federation; filed 12.27.00; publ. 10.03.05.
15. Multilayer composite material for plain bearings, manufacture and use: pat. 2354864 Rus. Federation; filed 05.08.04; publ. 10.05.09.
16. The slip element and method of its manufacture (options): pat. 2573851 Rus. Federation; filed 12.10.11; publ. 27.01.16.
17. Layered composite material for anti-friction structural elements and method for its production: pat. 2218277 Rus. Federation; filed 24.11.98; publ. 10.12.03.
18. Calameo. Auto components, no. 7, 2015. Available at: https://ru.calameo.com/read/0047968704cb07bd44549 (accessed: October 08, 2019).
19. Schichtverbundwerkstoff für Gleitelemente, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Verwendung: раt. DE 102009019601; filed 30.04.09; publ. 12.05.10.
20. Method for producing a spherical sliding surface of a plain bearing: pat. DE 102012209373; filed 04.06.12; publ. 21.07.16.
21. Three-material roll-bonded sliding bearing having two aluminium layers: WO 2018177919; filed 23.03.18; publ. 04.10.18.
22. Lead-free CuFe2P slide bearing material having a chip breaker: WO 2015158807; filed 16.04.15; publ. 22.10.15.
23. Wear resistant lead free alloy bushing and method of making: WO 2009017501; filed 01.08.07; publ. 05.02.09.
24. Nikishin V.N., Belokon K.G., Sibiryakov S.V. Sliding bearings in a car and engine building: textbook. Naberezhnye Chelny: Izd-vo Kamskoy gos. inzh.-ekon. akad, 2012, 213 p.
25. Miba. Innovation in motion. Available at: https://www.miba.com/en/ (accessed: 10.24.2019).
26. Vidin D.V., Kozyrev I.P., Korotkova L.P. Current trends in the production of liners of crankshafts of internal combustion engines // Tez. IX Vseros. nauch.-praktich. konf. molodykh uchenykh «Rossiya Molodaya» (Kemerovo, 18–21 apr. 2017). Kemerovo: KuzGTU, 2017. Available at: http://www.kuzstu.ru (accessed: October 08, 2019).
27. Automotive industry. Aviation and astronautics. Koyo. Available at: https://www.koyo.eu/ru/2016-06-06-08-37-19/2016-06-06-08-31-30.html (accessed date: 08/10/2019).
28. Slide bearing composite material: pat. US 7993758; filed 13.05.06; publ. 09.08.11.
29. Sliding Bearing: pat. JP2004076756; filed 09.08.02; publ. 11.03.04.
30. Sintered antifriction material based on copper: pat. 2326952 Rus. Federation; filed 07.11.06; publ. 20.06.08.
31. A method of manufacturing products from aluminum bronze: pat. 2461447 Rus. Federation; filed 14.06.11; publ. 20.09.12.
32. Anti-friction dispersion-hardened composite material: pat. 2203973 Rus. Federation; filed 04.08.99; publ. 10.05.03.
33. Composite powder material for friction units: US Pat. 2245386 Ros. Federation; filed 16.12.03; publ. 27.01.05.
34. Anti-friction composite powder material: US Pat. 2331685 Ros. Federation; filed 25.09.06; publ. 20.08.08.
35. A method of manufacturing a high temperature composite antifriction material: pat. 2695854 Ros. Federation; filed 15.01.18; publ. 29.07.19.
36. Copper-based alloy sliding-bearing material and preparation method thereof: pat. CN103602849; filed 10.10.13; publ. 09.03.16.
37. Ceramic bearings. BearingCentre.RU. 2015. Available at: http://podshipnikcentr.ru/spravochnik/keramicheskie-podshipniki.html (accessed: October 08, 2019).
38. Panov A.D., Panova I.M. Tribological features of structural ceramic materials in sliding bearings. Naukovedeniye: internet-zhurnal, 2015, vol. 7, no. 1. Available at: http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/78TVN115.pdf (accessed: October 08, 2019). DOI: 10.15862/78TVN115.
39. Bearings. TsIAM. Available at: http://www.ciam.ru/press-center/news/innovative-design-ciam-awarded-silver-medal-of-international-saloon-archimedes/ (accessed: October 22, 2019).
40. Sliding bearing with nanostructured functional gradient gradient antifriction coating: pat. 2578840 Rus. Federation; filed 25.12.14; publ. 27.03.16.
41. Wemhöner J., Bergrath B., Kreuser J. RolaMot – Erforschung des Einsatzes von Siliciumnitrid-Wälzlagern in einem Ottomotor zur Herabsetzung der inneren Motorreibung mit dem Ziel der Reduzierung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und der CO2-Emissionen // Fraunhofer. Available at: http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb08/558765742.pdf (accessed: October 22, 2019).
42. Kuznetsov B.Yu., Sorokin O.Yu., Vaganova M.L., Osin I.V. Synthesis of model high-temperature ceramic matrices by the method of spark plasma sintering and the study of their properties for the production of composite materials. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2018, no. 4 (53), pp. 37–44. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2018-0-4-37-44.
43. Plastic Glide layer and Sliding Element with such: pat. US8357622; filed 14.09.07; publ. 22.01.13.
44. Solomentseva A.V., Fadeeva V.M., Zhelezina G.F. Antifriktsionnye organoplastiki dlya tyazhelonagruzhennykh uzlov treniya skolzheniya aviatsionnykh konstruktsij [Antifriction organoplastics for heavy loaded sliding friction units of aircraft structures] // Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii. 2016. №2 (41). S. 30–34. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2016-0-2-30-34.
45. Gatskov V.S., Gatskov S.V. Progressive technology for the manufacture of parts from antifriction materials: textbook, Moscow: NRNU MEPhI, 2011. 152 p.
46. Farafonov D.P., Migunov V.P., Aleshina R.Sh. Tribotechnical characteristics research of materials used for gas turbine engines blade shroud hardening. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2016, no. S1, pp. 24–30. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2016-0-S1-24-30.
The work represent the relevance of research of cemented carbides alloys. The classification of hard alloys is given depending on the composition and purpose. The characteristic microstructure is described and the classification of cemented carbides alloys is indicated depending on the size of the carbide phase. The data on the effect of the carbide phase size on the indicators of physicomechanical properties (flexural strength, hardness, thermal conductivity) of WC–Co system alloys are presented. Various technological options for obtaining the starting powders are considered. The technology of manufacturing a powder mixture is presented and criteria for evaluating the quality of mixing are indicated. Various options and features of the process of molding a powder mixture are described. The equipment used in industrial production is indicated. The influence of technological factors (reduction temperature) for the production of tungsten and tungsten carbide powders on the grain size of the carbide phase is considered. The stages of the liquid phase sintering process in the WC–Co system are described. Particular attention is paid to the process of recrystallization through the liquid phase, which determines the growth of grains of the carbide phase. In order to obtain WC particles of uniform size in grains and relatively fine-grained alloys, it is necessary to provide a uniform particle size distribution of the initial carbide powder, which will be more uniform under certain production conditions (relatively high temperatures) ensuring the formation of crystals as close to equilibrium as possible; the latter leads to a weakening tendency of the formation of individual large crystals.
2. Kablov E.N., Svetlov I.L., Neiman A.V., Min P.G., Karachevtsev F.N., Karpov M.I. High temperature composites based on the Nb – Si system reinforced with niobium silicides. Inorganic Materials: Applied Research, 2017, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 609–617.
3. Kablov E.N., Bondarenko Yu.A., Echin A.B. Development of technology of cast superalloys directional solidification with variable controlled temperature gradient. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 24–38. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-24-38.
4. Ospennikova O.G., Podieiachev V.N., Stoliankov Yu.V. Tugoplavkie splavy dlia novoi tekhniki [Refractory alloys for innovative equipment] // Trudy VIAM: elektron. nauch.-tekhnich. zhurn. 2016. №10. St. 05. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 14, 2019). DOI:10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-10-5-5.
5. Batiyenkov R.V., Bolshakova A.N., Efimochkin I.Yu. The problem of low-temperature plasticity of molybdenum and alloys based on it (review). Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 3 (63), paper no. 02. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 14, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-3-12-17.
6. Batiyenkov R.V., Efimochkin I.Yu., Osin I.V., Khudnev A.A. Investigation of the mechanical properties of powder materials of the Mо–W system obtained by spark plasma sintering. Trudy VIAM, 2019, no. 2 (74), paper no. 07. URL: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 14, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-2-68-76.
7. Tretyakov V.I. Ceramic metal alloys. Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1962. 609 p.
8. Kiffer R., Benezovsky F. Hard alloys. Per. with Germ. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1971.3 92 p.
9. García J., Ciprés V.C., Blomqvist A., Kaplan B. Cemented carbide microstructures: a review. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, 2019, vol. 80, pp. 40–68.
10. Kramer G.S. The strength of hard alloys. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1971. 24 p.
11. Falkovsky V.A., Borovsky V.G. Hard alloys based on tungsten carbide with a nanogranular and ultrathin structure. Tsvetnyye metally, 2010, no. 5, pp. 106–112.
12. Kirsanov S.V. Modern problems of instrumental support of engineering industries. Available at: portal.tpu.ru/SHARED/k/KIRSSANOV/met_work/Tab2/Tab2/Sovrprobl.pdf (accessed: October 1, 2019).
13. Panov V.S., Chuvilin A.M., Falkovsky V.A. Technology and properties of sintered hard alloys and products from them. Moscow: MISIS, 2004. 446 p.
14. Gusev A., Kurlov A. Hard alloys today and tomorrow. Metals of Eurasia, 2005, no. 2, pp. 42–45.
15. Falkovsky V.A., Klyachko L.N. Hard alloys. Moscow: Ruda i metally, 2005. 416 p.
16. Falkovsky V.A. Innovations in technology of hard alloys: nano- and ultrafine structures: textbook. M: CPI MGATKhT, 2008. 69 p.
17. Falkovsky V.A., Falkovsky F.I., Panov V.S. Nano- and ultrafine hard alloys. Tsvetnyye metally, 2007, no. 10, pp. 85–91.
18. Zlobin G.P. Shaping of products from hard alloy powders. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1980. 224 p.
In article the review of the main methods of measurements of hardness in a chronological order which showed is presented that the indentation is one of the main ways of mechanical tests which differs simplicity of use and great opportunities for determination of tension in blankets, viscosity of destruction, thermal stability of materials, carrying out researches of structural components of a material, adhesive and elastic properties, resistance to plastic deformations, resistance to destruction, specific work of deformation, the analysis of a gradient of hardness on thickness of a blanket, an assessment of anisotropy of strength properties of a monocrystal, shortness became, microheterogeneity of plastic deformation on local volumes of a material, the physical and chemical analysis when studying charts of a condition etc.
The following methods of measurement of hardness are considered: static hardness, dynamic hardness, kinetic hardness, microhardness, nanoindentation. Possibility of application of a method of finite element for creation of a curve of stretching of materials by results of hardness measurement is considered. The comparative analysis of methods of an indentation is carried out and the major factors influencing result of measurement of hardness are considered. The analysis of compliance of domestic and foreign standards on methods of measurement of hardness is carried out.
At hardness measurement by a method of an indentation it is necessary to consider a set of the factors influencing results of experiment, basic of which are: loading size; print arrangement; vibrations; a peening of a surface of a sample when polishing and other mechanical influences; error of measurement of the sizes of a print, etc.
The most perspective is the kinetic method of measurement of hardness which allows to carry out a numbe
2. Kablov E.N. Composites: today and tomorrow. Metally Evrazii, 2015, no. 1, pp. 36–39.
3. Buznik V. M., Kablov E. N., Koshurina A. A. Materials for complex technical devices of the Arctic application. Scientific and technical problems of Arctic development. Moscow: Nauka, 2015, pp. 275–285.
4. Ilyin A.A., Skvortsova S.V., Spector V.S., Kudelina I.M., Oreshko E.I. The relationship of the structure and complex of mechanical properties in the VT6 titanium alloy. Titan, 2011, no. 1 (31), pp. 26–29.
5. Erasov V.S., Oreshko E.I. Deformation and destruction as processes of change of volume, the areas of a surface and the linear sizes in loaded bodies. Trudy VIAM, 2016, no. 8, paper no. 11. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 29, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2016-0-8-11-11.
6. Kollerov M.Yu., Gusev D.E., Oreshko E.I., Burnaev A.V. Improving the performance of medical implants made of titanium and titanium nickelide alloys by heat treatment. Tekhnologiya legkikh splavov, 2013, no. 3, pp. 40–46.
7. Erasov V.S., Oreshko E.I., Lucenko A.N. Area of a free surface as criterion of brittle fracture. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. 2 (47), pp. 69–79. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-2-69-79.
8. Erasov V.S., Oreshko E.I. Force, deformation and energy criteria of destruction. Trudy VIAM, 2017, no. 10 (58), paper no. 11. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: November 25, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2017-0-10-11-11.
9. Markovets M.P. Determination of the mechanical properties of metals by hardness. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering, 1979. 191 p.
10. Kolmakov A.G., Terentyev V.F., Bakirov M.B. Hardness measurement methods. 2nd ed., rev. and add. Moscow: Intermet Engineering, 2005. 150 p.
11. Friedman Ya.B. The mechanical properties of metals. 3rd ed. Moscow: Oborongiz, 1974. 367 p.
12. Vitman F.F., Zlatin N.A. Determination of yield strength by the method of introducing a cone using a profilograph. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1947, no. 8, pp. 990–996.
13. Pilipchuk B.I. Research in the field of hardness measurement. Trudy metrologicheskikh institutov SSSR, 1967, vol. 91 (151), pp 121–125.
14. Del G.D. Determination of stresses in the plastic region by the distribution of hardness. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering, 1971. 200 p.
15. Avdeev B.A. Technique for determining the mechanical properties of metals. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering, 1965. 488 p.
16. Davidenkov N.N. Some problems in the mechanics of materials. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1943. 152 p.
17. Borisenko V.K. On the relationship between hardness and resistance to plastic deformation at normal and high temperatures. Thermal strength of materials and structural elements. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1965, pp. 61–68.
18. Drozd M.S. Determination of the mechanical properties of metals without destruction. Moscow: Metallurgy, 1965. 171 p.
19. Solovev V.V., Gogolinskiy K.V., Useinov S.S., Useinov A.S., Lviv N.A. Metody of measurement of mechanical properties of materials with the nanometer permission and their metrological providing. Tr. nauch. sessii NIYAU MEPhI-2010, 2010, vol. 2, p. 233.
20. Solovev V.V., Gogolinsky K.V., Useinov S.S., Lvov N.A., Useinov A.S., Kulibab V. F. Features of application of method of nanoindenting for hardness measurement at nanoscale. Nanoequipment. Engineering magazine, 2008, no. 1 (13), pp. 111–115.
21. Tylevich I.N., Glikman L.A. On the effect of residual stresses on the hardness of a metal. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1968, no. 10, pp. 1239–1242.
22. Tylevich I.N., Glikman L.A. Method for determining the yield strength of a metal by indentation of a gentle pyramid. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1961, no. 27, pp. 738–743.
23. Khrushchov M.M. On the choice of the main method for determining the hardness of especially solid bodies. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1947, no. 9, pp. 1121–1128.
24. Golovin Yu.I. Introduction to nanotechnology. Moscow: Mechanical Engineering, 2007. 496 p.
25. Lebedeva S.I. Microhardness of minerals. Moscow, 1997. 118 p.
26. Khasanov O.L., Struz V.K., Sokolov V.M. et al. Methods of measuring microhardness and crack resistance of nanostructured ceramics: textbook. allowance. Tomsk: Tomsk. Polytechnic. Univ., 2011. 101 p.
27. Boussinesq J. Applications des potentiels a l’etude de equilibre et du movement des solides elastiques. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1885. 734 p.
28. Haggag F.M. Small specimen test techniques applied to nuclear reactor vessel thermal annealing and plant life extension: ASTM STP 1204. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993, pp. 27–44.
29. Haggag F.M., Nastad R.K. Innovative approaches to irradiation damage, and fracture analysis. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989, pp. 179–181.
30. Johnson K. Mechanics of contact interaction. Moscow: Mir, 1989. 510 p.
31. Fedosov SA, Peshek L. Determination of the mechanical properties of materials by microindentation: Modern foreign methods. Moscow: Moscow State University, 2004. 100 s.
32. Markovets M.P. Research in the field of hardness measurement. Trudy metrologicheskikh institutov SSSR, 1967, vol. 91 (151), p. 58.
33. Davidenkov N.N. Dynamic tests of metals. Moscow–Leningrad: State Publishing House, 1929. 366 p.
34. Tabor D. The hardness of metals. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1951. 171 p.
35. Bulychev S.I., Alekhin V.I. Testing of materials by continuous indentation. Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 1990. 224 p.
36. Bakirov M.B., Potapov V.V. Phenomenological method for determining the mechanical properties of VVER case steel according to the diagram of indentation of a ball indenter. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika metallov, 2000, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 35–44.
37. Bakirov M.B., Potapov V.V., Yarovoy G.O. et al. Determination of the characteristics of the mechanical properties of the metal of the equipment of nuclear power plants using modelless methods according to the characteristics of hardness: RD EO 0027-94. Moscow: Rosenergoatom, 1994, 15 p.
38. Bakirov M.V. Modifiziert des Harteprufverfahren. Kontrolle. 1994, no. 10, p. 120.
39. Martens A. Handbuch der materialienkunde fur den Maschinenbau. Julius Springer, 1898, vol. 1, 598 p.
40. Ahn J.H. Derivation of plastic stress-strain relationship from ball indentations examination of strain definition and pileup effect. Journal of Materials Research, 2001, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 3170–3178.
41. Johnson K.L. The correlation of indentation experiments. Journal of Mechanical Physics of Solids, 1970, vol. 19, pp. 115–126.
42. Bulychev S.I., Alekhin V.P., Shorshorov M.Kh., Ternovsky A.P. Investigation of the mechanical properties of materials using the kinetic diagram “load – imprint depth” during micro-pressing. Problemy prochnosti, 1976, no. 9, pp. 79–83.
43. Ternovsky A.P., Alekhin V.P., Shorshorov M.Kh. et al. On the micromechanical testing of materials by indentation. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1973, no. 10, pp. 1242–1246.
44. Bulychev S.I., Alekhin V.P., Shorshorov M.Kh. et al. Definition of Young's modulus by indenter indentation diagram. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1975, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 1137–1141.
45. Kleesattel C. Resonant Sensing Devices: pat. US3153338A; filed 11.22.61; publ. 10.20.64.
46. Shorshorov M.Kh., Bulychev S.I., Alekhin V.P. The work of elastic and plastic deformation upon indentation of an indenter. Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1981, vol. 259, no. 4, pp. 839–842.
47. Bulychev S.I., Alekhin V.P. The method of kinetic hardness and microhardness in an indenter indentation test. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1987, no. 53, pp. 76–80.
48. Oliver W.C., Pharr G.M. An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments. Journal of Materials Research, 1992, vol. 6, pp. 1564-1583.
49. Haggag F.M. Structural integrity evaluation based on an innovative field indentation microprobe. ASME PVP, 1989, vol. 170, pp. 101–107.
50. Grigorovich V.K. Hardness and microhardness of metals. Moscow: Nauka, 1976. 230 p.
51. Semin A.M. Determination of mechanical properties of metals by hardness characteristics. Moscow: Modern Humanity. Univ., 2000. 152 p.
52. Matyunin V.M. Methods and means of an exemplary rapid assessment of the mechanical properties of structural materials. Moscow: MEI, 2001. 94 p.
53. Matyunin V.M., Vokov P.V. Tests of materials by scratching. Tekhnologiya metallov, 2000, no. 2, pp. 27–30.
54. Lavrentiev A.I. To the methodology for determining scratch resistance. Mashinovedeniye, 1974, no. 6, pp. 94–99.
55. Markovets M.P., Matyunin V.M., Shabanov V.M. Portable instruments for measuring hardness and mechanical properties. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1989, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 73–76.
56. Huber N. On the determination on mechanical properties using the indentation. Test FZKA-Report 5850. 1996, pp. 51–55.
57. Norbury A., Samuel T. The recovery and sinking-in or piling-up of material in the Brinell test, and the effect of these factors on the correlation of the Brinell with certain other hardness tests. Journal of The Iron Steel Institute, 1928, vol. 117, pp. 673–687.
58. Mesarovic S.D., Fleck N.A. Spherical indentation of elastic-plastic solid. Proceeding of the royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1999, vol. 455. Issue 1987, pp. 2707–2728.
59. Bakirov M.B. Mathematical modeling of the process of indenting a sphere into an elastoplastic half-space. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 2001, no. 1, pp. 37–47.
60. Lee H., Pharr G.M. Numerical approach to spherical indentation techniques for material property evaluation. Journal of the mechanics and physics of solid, 2005, vol. 53, pp. 2037–2069.
61. Zolotorevsky V.S. Mechanical properties of metals: textbook. for universities. 3rd ed. res. and add. Moscow: MISIS, 1998. 400 p.
62. Golovin Yu.I. Nanoindentation as a means of a comprehensive assessment of the physicomechanical properties of materials in submicrovolumes. Zavodskaya laboratoriya. Diagnostika materialov, 2009, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 45–59.
63. Kollerov M.Yu., Gusev D.E., Oreshko E.I. Experimental and theoretical justification of the choice of method and implants for eliminating the funnel-shaped deformation of the chest. Scientific works (Vestnik MATI), 2012, no. 19 (91), pp. 331–336.
64. Gusev D.E., Kollerov M.Yu., Rudakov S.S., Korolev P.A., Oreshko E.I. Estimation of the biomechanical compatibility of implantable support plates from alloys based on titanium and titanium nickelide by computer simulation. Titan, 2011, no. 3 (33), pp. 39–44.
65. Kollerov M.Yu., Usikov V.D., Kuftov V.S., Gusev D.E., Oreshko E.I. Medical and technical substantiation of the use of titanium alloys in implantable structures for stabilization of the spine. Titan, 2013, no. 1 (40), pp. 39–45.
66. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Lutsenko A.N. Mathematical modeling of deformation constructional carbon fiber at a bend. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2016, no. 2, pp. 50–59. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2016-2-50-59.
67. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Lutsenko A.N. Critical stresses of loss of stability in hybrid laminated plates. Materialovedeniye, 2016, no. 11, pp. 17-21.
68. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Lucenko A.N., Terentev V.F., Slizov A.K. Creation of the 3D stress-strain diagrams σ–ε–t. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. 1 (46), pp. 61–68. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-1-61-68.
69. Antipov V.V., Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Serebrennikova N.Y. Hybrid laminates for application in north conditions. Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2016, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 973–990.
70. Kollerov M.Yu., Egorova MV, Oreshko E.I., Rtishchev S.N., Karachunsky G.M., Radvanskaya S.N. Experimental and theoretical justification of the algorithm for early orthodontic treatment of children with unilateral cleft lip and palate with non-removable devices. Stomatologiya detskogo vozrasta i profilaktika, 2011, vol. X, no. 1 (36), pp. 23–27.
71. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S. Numerical studies of the stability of plates with articulated transverse edges. Deformatsiya i razrusheniye materialov, 2018, no. 6, pp. 7–11.
72. Oreshko E.I., Erasov V.S., Kachan D.V., Lashov O.A. Researches of stability of cores and plates at compression with the jammed cross-section edges. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 9 (69), paper no. 07. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: February 02, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-9-61-70.
73. Golovin Yu.I. Nanoindentation and its capabilities. Moscow: Mashinostroyeniye, 2009. 312 p.
74. Golovin Yu.I. Nanoindentation and mechanical properties of solids in submicrovolumes, thin surface layers (review). Fizika tverdogo tela, 2008, vol. 50, issue. 12, pp. 2113–2141.
75. Kukhareva I.E. The use of indentation to construct a tensile curve. Vestnik KhNADU, 2011, issue 54, pp. 33–39.
76. Novikov N.V. Synthetic superhard materials in 3 vols. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1986, vol. 1: Synthesis of superhard materials. 280 p.
77. Maslennikova G.N., Mamaladze R.A., Mizuta S. Ceramic materials. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1991. 320 p.
78. Mukhanov V.A., Kurakevich A.A., Solozhenko V.L. Interrelation of hardness and compressibility of substances with their structure and thermodynamic properties. Cverkhtverdye materialy, 2008, no. 6, pp. 10–22.
79. Berkovich ES, Kraposhina LB New IMASH device – interference depth gauge – for microhardness testing by imprint depth. Novoe v oblasti ispytaniy na mikrotverdos, Moscow: Nauka, 1974, pp. 93–100.
80. Fisher-Cripps A.C. Nanoindentation. New-York: Springer, 2002. 198 p.
81. Hay J.L., O’Hern M.E., Oliver W.C. The importance of contact radius for substratein dependent property measurement of thin films. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1998, no. 522, pp. 27–32.
82. Kurnakov N.S. Selected Works in 2 vols. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1961. 595 p.
83. Borisenko V.A. Strength and hardness of refractory materials at high temperatures. Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1984. 212 p.
84. Lozinsky M.G. High temperature metallography. M.: Metallurgizdat, 1956. 312 p.
85. Osipov K.A. Questions of the theory of heat resistance of metals and alloys. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1960. 285 p.
86. Savitsky E.M. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys. Moscow: AN SSSR, 1957. 300 p.
87. Betaneli A.I. Hardness of steel and hard alloys at elevated temperatures. Moscow: Mashgiz, 1958. 95 p.
88. Novikov H.B., Oak C.H., Bulychev S.I. Methods of micro-tests for crack resistance. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1988, vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 60–67.
89. Rosenberg A.M., Hvorostukhin L.A. Hardness and stress in a plastically deformed body. Journal of Technical Physics, 1955, no. 25, pp. 312–322.
90. Gogolinsky K.V., Kondratiev A.V., Potapov A.I., Syasko V.A., Umansky A.S. Methodological and metrological aspects of measuring the mechanical properties of materials by instrumental indentation method. Kontrol. Diagnostika, 2016, no. 8, pp. 16–21.
91. Taljat B., Pharr G.M. Measurement of Residual Stresses by Load and Depth Sensing Spherical Indentation. Thin Films. Stresses and Mechanical Properties: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 2000, no. 594, pp. 519–524.
92. Taljiat B., Zacharia T., Pharr G.M. Fundamentals of Nanoindentation and Nanotribology. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 1998, no. 522, pp. 33.
93. Rudnayova E., Dusza J., Pesek L., Haviar M. Engineering Ceramics. Higher Reliability Through Processing, 1996. P. 409–417.
94. Savitsky F.S., Zakharov I.A., Vandyshev B.A. The study of cold brittleness of steel according to the parameters of conical prints. Zavodskaya laboratoriya, 1949, no. 9, pp. 1096–1099.
95. Golovin Yu.I. Introduction to nanotechnology. Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 2007.496 p.
96. Moshchenok V. I., Kostin L.L. The chart of indenting and modern methods of measurement of hardness. Vestnik KRNU im. M Ostrogradskogo, 2011, no. 5, p. 16–18.
97. Moshenok V.I. Modern methods of materials makro-, mikro-, nanohardness measuring // Engineering of Surface and Wares Renovation. 9th International Scientific and Technical Conference. Yalta–Кiev, 2009, p. 139–140.
98. Simone G., Tom M. Applied equipment of surface treatment: directory. Chelyabinsk: Metallurgiya, 1991. 368 p.
99. Gudkov A.A. Standardization of methods of determination of hardness of metals. Tehnologiya metallov, 2004, no. 3, pp. 35–39.
At present, in the modern aviation industry and engine building, heat-resistant nickel alloys are widely used, which experience enormous thermal and power loads during operation. Operational characteristics and reliability are the main indicators of the quality of materials made from these alloys. For the design and manufacture of modern aircraft, it is necessary to create new types of heat-resistant alloys with increasingly better properties.
An extremely important component in the success of the production of high-quality nickel alloys is the tight control of their chemical composition, especially the sulfur content, which even in trace amounts negatively affects the various properties of metals and alloys.
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the most preferred multi-element analysis method. The positive characteristics of this method are - high sensitivity, the ability to simultaneously determine a large number of elements, the accuracy of the analysis When using this method, it is necessary to take into account the presence of multiple spectral interference affecting the results of the analysis. To overcome spectral interference, you can use the equations of mathematical correction, as well as special reaction-collision cells, which are an integral part of modern ICP-MS spectrometers.
It is possible to completely overcome mass spectral interference in the determination of sulfur by using high-resolution mass spectrometry with a magnetic sector and electrostatic mass analyzer. This method allows you to completely separate the signal from the sulfur isotope 32S + signal interfering signals. So when using the method of high-resolution mass spectrometry for multi-element analysis of stainless steel, while the minimum sulfur content found was 0.038% of the mass.
Thus, t
2. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Svetlov I.L. Highly efficient cooling of GTE hot section blades. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. 2 (47), pp. 3–14. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-2-3-14.
3. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.
4. Chabina E.B. Phosphorus and sulfur segregation in model heat resistant Ni-based alloy. Trudy VIAM, 2015, no. 9, paper no. 02. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: July 07, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2015-0-9-2-2.
5. Kablov E.N., Bondarenko Yu.A., Echin A.B. Development of technology of cast superalloys directional solidification with variable controlled temperature gradient. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 24–38. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-24-38.
6. Kablov E.N., Ospennikova O.G., Vershkov A.V. Rare metals and rare-earth elements are materials for modern and future high technologies. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2013, no. S2, pp. 3–10.
7. Kablov E.N., Sidorov V.V., Kablov D.E., Min P.G. The metallurgical fundamentals for high quality maintenance of single crystal heat-resistant nickel alloys. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2017, no. S, pp. 55–71. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2017-0-S-55-71.
8. Sarioglu C., Stinner C., Blanchere J.R., Birks N., Pettit F.S., Meier G.H. The control of sulfur content in nickel-base, single crystal superalloys and its effect on cyclic oxidation resistance. Superalloys, 1996, pp. 71–80.
9. Mc Vay R.V., William P., Meier G.H., Pettit F.S. Oxidation of Low Sulfur Single Crystal Nickel-base Superalloys. Superalloys, 1992, pp. 807–816.
10. Mehanik E.A., Min P.G., Gundobin N.V., Rastegaeva G.Yu. Determination of sulfur mass fraction in heat-resistant nickel alloy and steels within the concentration range from 0,0001 to 0,0009% wt. Trudy VIAM, 2014, no. 9, paper no. 12. Available at: http://viam-works.ru (accessed: July 07, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2014-0-9-12-12.
11. State Standard 6689.18–92. Nickel, nickel and copper-nickel alloys. Methods for the determination of sulfur. Moscow: Gosstandart Rossii, 1992. 6 p.
12. State Standard 24018.8–91. Nickel-based heat resistant alloys. Methods for the determination of sulfur. Moscow: Gosstandart SSSR, 1991. 6 p.
13. ASTM E1019-11. Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel and Cobalt Alloys by Various Combustion and Fusion Techniques. USA, 2011.
14. Hu J., Wang H. Determination of Trace Elements in Super Alloy by ICP-MS. Mikrochimica Acta, 2001, vol. 137, pp. 149–155.
15. Pupyshev A.A., Epova E.N. Spectral interference of polyatomic ions in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analytics and Control, 2001, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 335–369.
16. Clough R., Evans P., Catterick T., Hywel Evans E. Measurements of Sulfur by Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 2006, vol. 78, pp. 6126–6132.
17. Xing Y., Xiaojia L., Haizhou W. Interference correction in analysis of stainless steel and multi-element determination by glow discharge quadrupole mass spectrometry. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2007, vol. 262, pp. 25–32.
18. Jakubowski N., Prohaska T., Rottmann L., Vanhaecke F. Inductively coupled plasma- and glow discharge plasma-sector field mass spectrometry. Journal Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2011, vol. 26, pp. 693–726.
Lost wax casting is currently the most common method for producing cast parts of complex configuration. The quality and geometric accuracy of castings depends on the technological characteristics of the wax, which are determined by the properties and the ratio of the components included in their composition. On the basis of high-tech molding and core model compounds, which enable accurate reproduction of dimensional parts with complex geometry, modern cast parts and gas-turbine engine blades are made from the latest heat-resistant alloys.
The rheological behavior of wax is the theoretical basis for the processes of their processing in the manufacture of investment models and highly refractory ceramic molds, as well as the determining method for studying their technological properties. During application, the melt of the model polymer composition undergoes a certain deformation, which is accompanied by structural transformations and a change in rheological properties. The rheology of the model melt allows, in particular, to evaluate the speed and completeness of filling and removing the composition to / from the mold cavities, which positively affects the imperfection of the models. A modern wax consists of 5-6 or more components, each of which plays a functional role in the entire composition: hardening components (polymer synthetic resins), a mutual solvent (for example, paraffin), a plasticizer (for example, savilen), in addition, dyes and other fillers. The deformation of the polymer composition during the formation of the product can greatly depend on the nature and ratio of its constituent components, a similar negative effect is often encountered in practice when the manufactured products have a tightening and other appearance defects, for example, cracking.
2. Kablov E.N. Materials of a new generation – the basis of innovation, technological leadership and national security of Russia. Intellekt i tekhnologii, 2016, no. 2 (14), S. 16–21.
3. Petrova A.P., Malysheva G.V. Glues, adhesive binders and adhesive prepregs.Scientific. Ed. E.N. Kablova. M.: VIAM, 2017. 472 p.
4. Kablov E.N., Chursova L.V., Lukina N.F., Kutsevich K.E., Rubtsova E.V., Petrova A.P. The study of epoxy-polysulfone polymer systems as the basis of high-strength adhesives for aviation purposes. Klei. Germetiki. Tekhnologii, 2017, no. 3, pp. 7 – 12.
5. Mukhametov R.R., Petrova A.P. Thermosetting binders for polymer composites (review). Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, No. 3 (56), pp. 48–58. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-3-48-58.
6. Tkachuk A.I., Terekhov I.V., Gurevich Ya.M., Grigoreva K.N. Research of the influence of the modifying additives nature on the rheological and thermomechanical properties of a photopolymer composition based on epoxy vinyl ester resin. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, No. 3 (56), pp. 31–40. DOI: 10.18577 / 2071-9140-2019-0-3-31-40.
7. Guseva M.A. The use of the rheological tests in the development of polymeric materials for various purposes. Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 11 (71), paper no. 05. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: November 20, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-11-35-44.
8. Antyufeeva N.V., Afanasyeva E.A., Guseva M.A., Haskov M.A. Investigation of the process of combining epoxy oligomers with polyarylate. Mekhanika kompozitsionnykh materialov i konstruktsiy, 2019, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 19–28.
9. Babin A.N., Guseva M.A., Haskov M.A., Tkachuk A.I. Study of the process of combining epoxy oligomers with thermoplastic modifiers. Mekhanika kompozitsionnykh materialov i konstruktsiy, 2016, vol. 22. no. 4, pp. 524–535.
10. Guseva M.A., Aslanyan I.R. The effect of fillers on the rheology of model composition. Trudy VIAM, 2019. no. 5, paper no. 09. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: October 17, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2019-0-5-94-102.
11. Aslanyan I.R., Guseva M.A., Ospennikova O.G. A comparative study of the physicomechanical and rheological characteristics of model compositions. Vse materialy. Entsiklopedicheskiy spravochnik, 2019, no. 6, pp. 34–39.
12. Loshchinin Yu.V., Shorstov S.Yu., Kuzmina I.G. Research of influence of technology factors on thermal conductivity of ceramic casting molds. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2019, No. 2 (55), pp. 89–94. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2019-0-2-89-94.
13. Aslanyan I.R., Rassokhina L.I., Ospennikova O.G. Definition of quantitative factors, significantly influencing on technological characteristics of model compositions). Trudy VIAM, 2018, no. 12 (72), paper no. 01. Available at: http://www.viam-works.ru (accessed: November 10, 2019). DOI: 10.18577/2307-6046-2018-0-12-3-13.
14. Ospennikova O.G. Influence research of fillers on properties and stability of modelling compositions, a choice of optimum structures. Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2014, no. 3, pp. 14–17. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2014-0-3-14-17.
15. Ospennikova O.G., Aslanyan I.R. Directions of development of manufacturing technology for model compositions for blades and other parts of gas turbine engines. Liteynoe proizvodstvo, 2018, no. 3, pp. 20–24.
16. Vdovin R.A., Smelov V.G. The study of shrinkage of wax models obtained by rapid prototyping technology. Samara: Izd-vo Samarsk. Un-ta, 2017. 43 p.
17. Rassokhina L.I., Parfenovich P.I., Narsky A.R. Problems of creating model compositions of a new generation on the basis of domestic materials for the manufacture of GTE blades. Novosti materialovedeniya. Nauka i tekhnika, 2015, no. 3 (15), paper no. 07. Available at: http: //www.materialsnews.ru (accessed: November 20, 2019).
18. Kablov E.N. Innovative developments of FSUE «VIAM» SSC of RF on realization of «Strategic directions of the development of materials and technologies of their processing for the period until 2030». Aviacionnye materialy i tehnologii, 2015, no. 1 (34), pp. 3–33. DOI: 10.18577/2071-9140-2015-0-1-3-33.